Tiger orchid

Tiger Orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum) is the largest representative of the Orchidaceae family, known for its large, exotically patterned flowers with dark, spotted markings reminiscent of a tiger’s fur. In its natural habitat, this plant is found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. The Tiger Orchid is valued for its long-lasting blooms, unusual coloration, and impressive size.

Etymology of the name

The name "Tiger Orchid" is associated with the distinctive spotted pattern on the flower petals, resembling a tiger's skin. The Latin genus name Grammatophyllum originates from the Greek words gramma ("line") and phyllon ("leaf"), referring to the striped pattern of the flowers.

Life form

The Tiger Orchid is an epiphytic plant naturally growing on tree trunks and branches in tropical forests. Its aerial roots provide strong attachment and absorb moisture from the environment.

Some species are lithophytic, living on rocky slopes. In cultivation, the plant is grown in hanging baskets or large containers with a well-draining substrate.

Family

The Tiger Orchid belongs to the Orchidaceae family, one of the largest families of flowering plants, encompassing over 25,000 species. This family includes epiphytes, lithophytes, and terrestrial plants found on every continent except Antarctica.

The hallmark of orchids is their complex flower structure with a prominently developed lip—a modified petal serving as a landing platform for pollinating insects.

Botanical characteristics

The Tiger Orchid is a monopodial plant with erect flower spikes reaching 2–3 meters in length. Each spike bears 20 to 100 large flowers, each measuring 10–15 cm in diameter. The petals are thick and fleshy, adorned with a pattern of dark brown or burgundy spots and stripes on a golden or yellow background.

Leaves are large, elliptical, and reach 50–100 cm in length. The roots are thick and covered with a dense velamen, facilitating moisture and nutrient absorption.

Chemical composition

The tissues of the Tiger Orchid contain anthocyanins and carotenoids responsible for the intense pigmentation of the petals. Its composition also includes essential oils, tannins, and organic acids with antiseptic properties.

Origin

The Tiger Orchid originates from Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. It thrives in humid tropical forests, growing on tree trunks and rocky cliffs.

Its natural habitat includes shaded forests with high humidity and stable temperatures. Due to its resilience, the plant can withstand short periods of drought.

Ease of cultivation

The Tiger Orchid is considered challenging to cultivate due to its large size and specific humidity requirements. However, with proper care, it adapts well to greenhouses and conservatories.

Key challenges include ensuring constant access to fresh air, high humidity, and bright light. Successful cultivation requires regular watering and fertilization.

Species and varieties

Popular species and hybrids include:

• Grammatophyllum speciosum var. Tiger Queen – featuring a distinct tiger-like pattern.

• Grammatophyllum multiflorum – known for its numerous smaller flowers.

• Grammatophyllum scriptum – marked by spot-like patterns on the petals.

Size

The Tiger Orchid can grow up to 3 meters in height, including its flower spikes. In container cultivation, it maintains a more compact size of about 1.5–2 meters.

Each flower measures 10–15 cm in diameter, with up to 100 flowers on a single spike, creating a spectacular visual display.

Growth rate

The plant has a moderate growth rate. During its active growing season from spring to autumn, it produces new shoots, leaves, and roots.

In winter, its growth slows down, requiring reduced watering and halted fertilization.

Lifespan

With proper care, the Tiger Orchid can live for over 15 years, producing flowers annually. Regular repotting, removal of old roots, and substrate renewal increase the plant's longevity.

Temperature

The optimal growing temperature ranges from +22 to +28°C during the day and +15 to +18°C at night. Temperature fluctuations promote flower spike formation.

Sudden temperature changes and drafts can cause plant stress, leading to bud drop.

Humidity

The plant requires high air humidity levels of 60% to 85%. Humidifiers, regular misting, and trays with moist pebbles are commonly used to maintain the desired environment.

Lighting and indoor placement

The Tiger Orchid thrives in bright, indirect light. East- or west-facing windows are ideal. During winter, supplemental grow lights are recommended to extend daylight hours to 12–14 hours.

Proper lighting ensures regular and prolonged flowering.

Soil and substrate

The Tiger Orchid requires a light, well-aerated substrate with high moisture retention. The optimal soil mix includes:

• Conifer bark (3 parts): Provides root aeration and prevents root rot.
• Perlite or vermiculite (1 part): Retains moisture, improves substrate structure, and ensures drainage.
• Peat (1 part): Maintains a slightly acidic soil reaction (pH 5.5–6.5).
• Sphagnum moss (small amount): Helps retain moisture and prevents root desiccation.

A drainage layer of expanded clay or pebbles, 3–5 cm thick, prevents water stagnation.

Watering

During summer, water the Tiger Orchid generously by immersing the pot in water for 15–20 minutes. Watering is done 1–2 times a week, ensuring excess water drains completely. Allow the substrate to dry slightly between waterings.

In winter, reduce watering to once every 10–14 days. Water in the morning to allow moisture to evaporate before nightfall, preventing root rot and fungal infections.

Fertilization and feeding

During the active growth period (spring to autumn), feed the orchid every two weeks with fertilizers containing an NPK ratio of 10:20:20 or 4:6:6. This stimulates root development, leaf growth, and bud formation.

Apply fertilizers only after pre-watering to avoid root burns. In winter, suspend feeding. Organic supplements such as potassium humate or seaweed extract can be used monthly to boost the plant’s immunity.

Propagation

The Tiger Orchid can be propagated by dividing clumps or pseudobulbs. Division is performed in spring by separating the plant into several parts, each with well-developed roots.

Seed propagation is a lengthy process requiring sterile conditions. Seeds are sown on nutrient-rich agar media in laboratory settings. Full plant development takes several years.

Flowering

The Tiger Orchid blooms 1–2 times a year. Flowering lasts from 2 to 4 months, with buds opening successively, creating a prolonged decorative effect.

Abundant flowering requires bright indirect light, regular watering, and fertilization. After flowering, flower spikes are pruned to encourage new shoot formation.

Seasonal feature

In spring, active growth begins, forming new shoots and flower buds. During this period, regular feeding and abundant watering are essential.

In winter, the plant enters dormancy, and growth slows. Watering is reduced, and feeding is stopped. Maintain a temperature of +12…+15°C to prepare the orchid for the next flowering cycle.

Care features

Key care requirements include bright indirect light, stable air humidity (60–80%), and regular watering. Wipe the leaves with a damp cloth to remove dust.

Avoid moving the plant during flowering to prevent bud drop. Monitor root health, repot the plant every 2–3 years, and fertilize during the growing season.

Home care

Place the Tiger Orchid near east- or west-facing windows. Use grow lights in winter to extend daylight hours. Water using the immersion method while avoiding waterlogging.

Maintain humidity with air humidifiers, misting, or trays with wet pebbles. Apply fertilizers every two weeks during active growth.

Repotting

Repot the orchid in spring or after flowering every 2–3 years. Use transparent plastic pots with drainage holes to allow light access to the roots.

Completely replace the substrate, removing damaged roots. Do not water the plant for 3–5 days after repotting to allow the roots to heal.

Pruning and crown shaping

After flowering, remove dried flower spikes and dead leaves. Use sterile tools, and sprinkle cuts with crushed charcoal.

Common problems and solutions

Key issues include root rot due to overwatering, bud drop from insufficient light or drafts, and leaf spots from cold stress.

Adjust care conditions, treat the plant with fungicides for fungal infections, and ensure optimal temperature and lighting.

Pests

Pests include spider mites, scale insects, aphids, and mealybugs. Treat the plant with insecticides at the first sign of infestation.

Air purification

The Tiger Orchid actively absorbs carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen. Its leaves trap dust and toxins, improving indoor air quality.

Safety

The plant is safe for children and pets, as it contains no toxic substances. However, people prone to allergies should avoid contact with its leaves and flowers.

Wintering

During winter, reduce the temperature to +12…+15°C, minimize watering, and stop fertilization. Gradually resume active care before spring.

Medicinal properties

The Tiger Orchid has antioxidant and antiseptic properties due to its organic acids and essential oils.

Use in traditional medicine

In some cultures, orchid extracts are used to boost immunity, improve skin health, and support overall well-being.

Use in landscape design

The plant is ideal for decorating winter gardens, greenhouses, and hanging arrangements thanks to its striking flowers.

Compatibility with other plants

The Tiger Orchid pairs well with ferns, anthuriums, and other decorative plants, creating harmonious tropical compositions.

Conclusion

The Tiger Orchid is a remarkable plant with exquisite flowers that requires attention and proper care. Following cultivation guidelines ensures its beauty for many years.