Orchid Maxillaria

Maxillaria (maxillary) is an extensive genus of orchids of the Orchidaceae family, which has more than 600 species. These plants are found in a wide range of climatic zones, from base tropical forests to mountain regions. Maxilles are valued for their decorative flowers, which can be both bright and large and miniature. Some species have aromas that vary from sweet to spicy, which makes them a popular choice among collectors and fans of orchids.

Etymology of the name

The name Maxillaria comes from the Latin word "maxilla", which translates as "jaw". This is due to the shape of the flower resembling the lower jaw of the animal. The genus was first described in 1811 by the German botanist Karl Kunt, who allocated him from other orchies thanks to the unique morphological features.

Life form

Maxilles are mainly epiphytic plants growing on trees in tropical forests. Their air roots are attached to the bark of trees, which allows plants to receive moisture and nutrients from the environment.

Some species can also be lithophytes living on rocks, or ground plants. This adaptability allows maxillaments to occupy various ecological niches, providing their survival in different conditions.

Family

Maxillary belongs to the Orchidaceae family, one of the largest families of flowering plants, including about 28,000 species. Orchids are known for their complex structure of flowers and a variety of adaptations to the environment.

The key feature of the family is a symbiotic connection with mycorrhic mushrooms necessary for seed germination. Maxillaries, like other orchids, demonstrate a wide range of environmental adaptations, including epiphytism, lithophicism and a ground lifestyle.

Botanical characteristics

Maxillaries are compact or mid-sized plants with pseudobulbs, which serve as tanks for storing water and nutrients. The leaves are linear or belt-shaped, bright green, located on the tops of the pseudobulb.

The flowers vary in size and color depending on the type. They can be single or collected in inflorescences. A characteristic feature is the lip of a flower, which often has a bright color or unique patterns.

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of the maxillaries is not studied enough, but it is known that many species contain anthocyans that give the flowers bright shades. There are also aromatic compounds in the plant, which provide a characteristic smell in some species.

Origin

The Maxillaria genus comes from Central and South America, including countries such as Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil and Peru. These orchids are found in a wide range of heights, from the sea level to mountain forests at an altitude of 3,000 meters.

The natural habitat includes tropical and subtropical forests, where maxilles grow on trees, rocks and soil, adapting to a variety of climatic conditions.

The ease of growing

Maxilles are considered moderately complicated in the departure of orchids suitable for experienced flower growers. They require accurate observance of lighting conditions, temperature and humidity to ensure abundant flowering.

The plant adapts well to pottering culture if the correct substrate is used that provides good drainage and air access to the roots.

Types, varieties

Among the most popular species, maxillaries distinguish Maxillaria Tenuifolia, known for its aroma of coconut, and

Maxillaria Picta, characterized by bright spotted colors.

Maxillaria variabilis and

Maxillaria rufescens, which are valued for a long flowering period.

Size

The size of the maxillarium varies depending on the type. Miniature species can reach a height of only 10-15 cm, while large representatives grow to 60–70 cm.

Flowers usually have a diameter of 2 to 5 cm, but in some species they can be larger. The compact size of the plant makes it suitable for home content.

Growth intensity

Maxilles have a moderate growth rate. During the year, the plant usually forms one or two new pseudobulbs that can bloom next season.

Growth is accelerated with sufficient lighting, regular watering and fertilizer. However, excess fertilizer can adversely affect the health of the roots.

Life expectancy

Maxilles are long-lived plants. With proper care, they can grow and bloom for decades. Old pseudobulbs retain their functionality, providing the plant with nutrients.

In the natural habitat, the life expectancy of plants can be reduced due to the influence of external factors, such as droughts or competition for resources.

Temperature

Maxilles prefer moderate temperatures. The optimal range is 18–25 ° C. Some species that live in highlands are able to tolerate short-term lowering temperatures to 10–12 ° C.

To stimulate flowering, it is recommended to provide night temperature changes within 5–7 ° C.

Humidity

Maxilles require high humidity, usually in the range of 50–80%. Under conditions of low humidity, air humidifiers or pallets with water should be used.

Excess moisture can lead to rotting of the roots, so it is important to maintain a balance between humidity and ventilation.

Lighting and placement in the room

Maxilles prefer bright multiple light, similar to the conditions of the tropical forest. The best place is eastern or western windows. Direct sunlight can cause burns of leaves, so shading is required in midday hours.

For uniform growth, it is recommended to periodically rotate the plant relative to the light source. If natural light is not enough, you can use phytolamps.

Soil and substrate

For growing maxillaria, it is recommended to use a substrate with good drainage and aering properties. Ideal composition:

• Large bark of coniferous trees (60%);
• Sphagnum (20%);
• Perlite or small expanded clay (10%);
• Charcoal (10%).

The recommended level of the substrate acidity is PH 5.5–6.5. To ensure drainage, a layer of expanded clay or small pebbles with a height of 2-3 cm is laid on the bottom of the pot.

Watering

In the summer, maxillary requires regular, but moderate watering. It is recommended to use the immersion method: immerse the pot with the plant in warm, soft water for 10-15 minutes, then let the excess water drain. The frequency of watering is every 5-7 days, depending on temperature and humidity.

In winter, watering is reduced to once every 10-14 days. Water should be at room temperature, previously settled. It is important to allow the substrate slightly dry between the waterings to avoid decay of the roots.

Fertilizer and top dressing

For feeding maxillary, water-soluble fertilizers with a low nitrogen and a high phosphorus and potassium content and potassium are suitable, which stimulates flowering. The use of fertilizers with trace elements such as magnesium and iron is also recommended.

Fertilizer is applied along with watering, diluting the solution in a concentration of 1/4 from the recommended by the manufacturer. Fertening is carried out every 2 weeks during active growth. In winter, top dressing is reduced or completely stopped.

Propagation

The optimal time for the propagation of maxillaria is spring, when the active growth of the plant begins. Propagation can also be carried out in the summer, before the start of flowering.

The most common methods of propagation are the division of adult bushes and rooting new shoots. The seminal method is used less often due to the complexity of the creation of sterile conditions and the need for mycorious symbiosis.

Bloom

Maxillary blooms mainly in spring and summer. Flowers can last up to 2-4 weeks depending on the species. Flowering can be single or repeated during the year.

Regular flowering is ensured by proper care, including stable lighting, sufficient watering and timely top dressing.

Seasonal features

In spring and summer, the plant is actively growing and blooming. At this time, regular watering, increased air humidity and fertilizing fertilizers are required.

In the fall and winter, maxillary goes into a state of rest. Watering is reduced, and top dressing is stopped. The plant is transferred to a cooler place with good ventilation.

Features of care

The plant requires stable air humidity at a level of 50–70%. To do this, you can use a humidifier or place a pot on a pallet with water. However, the contact of the roots with water should be avoided.

Maxillary needs regular ventilation to prevent diseases, but does not tolerate drafts.

Home

Maxillaria feels good in indoor conditions with bright diffused lighting. The optimal place is eastern or western windows. In hot summer days, the plant should be shade.

The pot is selected taking into account the root system: plastic or ceramic pots with drainage holes are preferred. The substrate should be fresh and well aerated.

Transfer

For transplanting maxillaries, it is recommended to use pots that are slightly exceeding the size of the root system. Plastic or clay containers with drainage holes are suitable.

The transplant is carried out once every 2-3 years or during the decomposition of the substrate. The best time for transplantation is spring, before the start of active growth.

Trimming and the formation of the crown

Pruning is carried out after flowering, removing faded peduncles and old pseudobulbs. This contributes to the rejuvenation of the plant and stimulates the formation of new shoots.

To maintain decorativeness, damaged or dry leaves are removed.

Possible problems and their solution

Maxillaria is subject to rot of roots and leaves due to waterlogging. Prevention is moderate watering and the use of a high-quality substrate.

Lack of light leads to stretching the leaves and lack of flowering. An excess of fertilizers can cause burns of roots.

Pests

Spider mites, thrips and shields may appear on maxillaries. They damage the leaves, weaken the plant and reduce decorativeness.

Regular spraying and maintenance of high humidity help prevent infection. When pests appear, insecticides or folk remedies are used, such as a solution of soap.

Cleaning air

Maxillary, like many orchids, cleanses the air of harmful substances, such as formaldehyde and benzene. This makes her the perfect choice for city apartments and offices.

Safety

Maxillary is not a toxic plant, which makes it safe for children and pets. However, individual allergic reactions to its pollen are possible.

Wintering

In winter, it is recommended to keep maxillary at a temperature of 15–18 ° C. Watering is reduced, supporting only the light humidity of the substrate.

Preparation for spring includes an increase in lighting and a gradual increase in temperature.

Useful properties

In addition to decorative value, maxillary improves the microclimate of the room, increasing air humidity and reducing the content of toxic substances.

Use in traditional medicine

In folk medicine, some types of maxillaries are used to prepare aromatic oils and natural remedies for relaxation.

Use in landscape design

Maxillaria is ideal for vertical gardens and suspended compositions. Its compact dimensions allow you to use it in limited space.

Compatibility with other plants

Maxillaments are well combined with other epiphytic plants, such as phalaenopsis and cattle. They create harmonious compositions in the garden or interior.

Conclusion

Maxillaria is a universal plant that combines decorativeness, unpretentiousness and environmental advantages. With proper care, it will become a real decoration of any home or garden.