Spider orchid

Orchids are among the most attractive and exotic plants for homes and gardens. One unique representative of the orchid family is the spider orchid. These orchids captivate with their unusual flowers and distinctive shapes resembling spider legs. In this article, we will explore the spider orchid's features, types, care requirements, and where to buy this unique plant.

The spider orchid (brassia), named after its flower’s spider-like appearance, is a unique member of the orchidaceae family. This epiphytic plant features long, narrow petals and a broad lip that create its signature spider-like look. It thrives naturally in the tropical forests of central and south america.

The flowers of brassia can reach 15–20 cm in diameter and form inflorescences of 6–8 flowers. The color palette varies from light green to creamy white, often marked with brown or purple spots.

Etymology of the name

The genus name brassia honors william brass, a british botanist who significantly contributed to orchid studies.
The species nickname "spider" comes from the flowers' resemblance to spider legs, aiding in attracting specific insect pollinators.

Life form

The spider orchid is a perennial epiphyte that grows on tree trunks and branches in tropical forests. Its roots, covered with velamen, provide secure attachment to tree bark and absorb moisture from the air.

Some brassia species can also grow as lithophytes, anchoring in rocky crevices. They withstand droughts due to moisture storage in pseudobulbs.

Family

Brassia belongs to the orchidaceae family, the largest flowering plant family with over 25,000 species. Orchids are known for their complex flower structures, enabling precise pollination and high adaptability. This family spans all continents except antarctica.

Botanical characteristics

The spider orchid has elongated, oval-shaped pseudobulbs measuring 5–10 cm in length. Its leaves are long, lanceolate, glossy, and can grow up to 40 cm.

The flower stalks are erect or slightly arched, bearing several large flowers. The petals are thin, linear, and pointed, giving the flower its signature spider-like appearance. The lip is broad and often has striking patterns.

Chemical composition

The flowers contain anthocyanins that give petals their vibrant hues and essential oils that create a subtle, pleasant fragrance. The plant tissues also contain flavonoids and tannins with antiseptic properties.

Origin

The spider orchid originates from the tropical forests of central and south america, including brazil, peru, and colombia. In nature, brassia is found at altitudes up to 2000 meters in regions with high humidity and stable temperatures.

These orchids prefer moist forest environments with warm climates and abundant rainfall. Dense vegetation provides ideal conditions for epiphytic growth.

Ease of cultivation

The spider orchid is moderately challenging to grow. Key requirements include maintaining high air humidity (60–80%) and providing bright, diffused light without direct sunlight.

When proper microclimate conditions are met, the plant adapts well to home environments, blooms actively, and produces new shoots.

Spider orchid varieties

The spider orchid is not a single species but a collective name for several orchid types with spider-like flowers. The most famous representative is brassia, though other species also belong to the spider orchid group.

1. Brassia (spider orchid)
   brassia is a genus of orchids featuring many species known as "spider orchids" due to their unique flower shape. The flowers have long, narrow petals that resemble spider legs. Their bright colors and distinctive shapes attract both amateur and professional orchid enthusiasts.

Popular brassia varieties:

• Brassia maculata – characterized by yellow flowers with dark spots and veining on the petals.
• Brassia caudata – one of the most famous species with long, narrow petals resembling spider legs.

2. Black spider orchid
   the black spider orchid is rarer and more exotic, symbolizing mystery and intrigue. Its flowers are dark, almost black, with a distinctive spider-leg-like shape. Black spider orchids are known for their striking beauty and often take center stage at exhibitions and in orchid collections.

Size

The spider orchid's height ranges from 40 to 80 cm, including the flower stalk. The leaf rosette can reach 50 cm, depending on the variety.

The flowers measure 10 to 20 cm in diameter, and a single plant can produce multiple flower stalks simultaneously.

Growth rate

Brassia grows moderately fast. During a single growing season, it can form 1–2 new pseudobulbs and several flower stalks. Growth peaks from spring to late autumn, slowing down during the dormant period when watering and feeding are reduced.

Lifespan

With proper care, the spider orchid can live for more than 10 years. Regular substrate renewal, repotting every 2–3 years, and removing old pseudobulbs extend its life cycle.

Temperature

The ideal daytime temperature for brassia is +18…+25°c, with nighttime temperatures not falling below +15°c. A daily temperature fluctuation of 3–5°c encourages flower bud formation, simulating natural conditions.

Humidity

The spider orchid requires 60–80% air humidity. To maintain these levels, use humidifiers, mist the plant, and place it on a tray with moist pebbles.

In winter, reduce humidity to 50–60% to prevent root rot.

Lighting and room placement

Brassia needs bright, diffused light. The best locations are east- or west-facing windows. Direct sunlight can cause leaf burns.

During winter, consider using grow lights to extend daylight hours to 10–12 hours.

Soil and substrate

The spider orchid requires a light, well-aerated, and well-draining substrate. The ideal mix includes 3 parts of medium-grade conifer bark, 1 part perlite or vermiculite for drainage, and 1 part peat for maintaining soil acidity. A small amount of sphagnum moss can be added to retain moisture.

The soil's ph should be between 5.5 and 6.5, ensuring optimal plant nutrition. A drainage layer 3–5 cm thick made of expanded clay or pebbles prevents water stagnation, protecting the roots from rot.

Watering

In summer, water the spider orchid thoroughly using the immersion method by soaking the pot in water for 10–15 minutes to fully saturate the substrate. Watering should be done 1–2 times per week, depending on the air temperature. Allow excess water to drain after each watering.

In winter, reduce watering to once every 10–14 days. Avoid overwatering, as the plant is dormant during this period. Water in the morning so that moisture can evaporate before nighttime.

Fertilization and feeding

During the active growing season (spring through fall), feed the spider orchid every two weeks with an orchid fertilizer containing an npk ratio of 10:20:20. Use formulas with higher phosphorus and potassium content to stimulate flowering.

Apply fertilizer only after watering to prevent root burns. Stop fertilizing in winter to provide the plant with a dormancy period. Be sure to follow the recommended fertilizer dosage carefully.

Propagation

The spider orchid is propagated by dividing the bush or by keiki (plantlets). Division is done in spring after flowering by separating the mature plant into several sections, each with roots and pseudobulbs.

Seed propagation requires sterile laboratory conditions. Seeds are sown on nutrient-rich agar media in specialized labs. Germination takes several months, while full development can take several years.

Flowering

The spider orchid blooms 1–2 times a year, producing large, racemose inflorescences. Flowering lasts from 2 to 4 months under favorable conditions.

The flowers remain on the plant for several weeks due to strong flower stalks. After flowering, prune the dried flower stalks to encourage the formation of new shoots.

Seasonal features

In spring, the plant begins active shoot growth, flower bud formation, and new pseudobulb development. During this period, the plant requires abundant watering, regular feeding, and good lighting.

In winter, the spider orchid enters dormancy. Watering and feeding are reduced, and maintaining a cool temperature and moderate air humidity is essential.

Care features

Key care requirements include bright, diffused light, moderate watering, and stable air humidity of 60–80%. Wipe the leaves regularly with a damp cloth to remove dust.

Avoid moving the pot during flowering to prevent bud drop. Regularly check the plant for pests.

Home care

The spider orchid needs bright but diffused light. The best placement is on east- or west-facing windows. In winter, use grow lights to extend daylight hours.

Water the plant using the immersion method, allowing excess water to drain. Maintain humidity with humidifiers, misting, or placing the plant on a tray with wet pebbles.

Feed the plant every two weeks during active growth. Stop fertilizing during dormancy.

Repotting

Repot the spider orchid every 2–3 years after flowering. Use transparent plastic pots with drainage holes, allowing light to reach the roots.

Replace the substrate entirely, removing old and damaged roots. Do not water the plant for 3–5 days after repotting to allow the roots to heal.

Pruning and crown shaping

After flowering, prune dried flower stalks and old, dead leaves. Use sterilized tools for pruning, and dust the cuts with crushed charcoal.

Common problems and solutions

Common issues include root rot due to overwatering, bud drop caused by insufficient light or drafts, and leaf spots from cold damage.

Address the root cause, treat fungal infections with fungicides, and adjust temperature and lighting accordingly.

Pests

Major pests include spider mites, scale insects, aphids, and mealybugs. At the first signs of infestation, treat the plant with insecticides and inspect it regularly.

Air purification

The spider orchid actively absorbs carbon dioxide, releases oxygen, and filters the air, improving indoor air quality.

Safety

The plant is safe for children and pets, as it contains no toxic substances. However, avoid contact with leaves if you are prone to allergies to flower pollen.

Winter care

In winter, reduce the temperature to +15…+18°c. Watering and feeding should be minimized. Gradually resume regular care as spring approaches.

Medicinal properties

The spider orchid has antioxidant and antiseptic properties. Its extracts are used in cosmetics and aromatherapy.

Traditional medicine and folk remedies

In some cultures, infusions made from the roots and petals are used to treat inflammation, improve skin health, and relieve stress.

Use in landscape design

The spider orchid is ideal for decorating winter gardens, greenhouses, vertical compositions, and hanging baskets due to its striking flowering display.

Compatibility with other plants

The spider orchid pairs well with ferns, philodendrons, and anthuriums, creating tropical compositions.

Why the spider orchid is not blooming?

If your spider orchid is not blooming, several factors could be responsible:

• Lack of light. Spider orchids require sufficient light to bloom. If the plant does not receive enough light, it may fail to produce flowers.
• Improper watering. Overwatering or underwatering can affect the orchid’s ability to flower. It is essential to avoid water stagnation in the pot to prevent root rot.
• Temperature fluctuations. If the orchid experiences stress due to temperature swings or too low temperatures, its blooming process may be disrupted.
• Nutrient deficiency. Spider orchids need regular feeding, especially during active growth and flowering periods. Use specialized orchid fertilizers to supply the plant with essential nutrients.

Where to buy a spider orchid?

Spider orchids, including the black spider orchid and brassia species, can be purchased from specialized stores, nurseries, and online shops. Here are some ideal places to find these exotic plants:

• Specialized orchid nurseries: many nurseries offer a wide range of spider orchids, including rare varieties. If you are looking for something specific, these nurseries are the perfect option.
• Online stores: numerous online shops sell spider orchids. They often provide worldwide delivery and offer various cultivars, including black spider orchids and brassia hybrids.
• Orchid exhibitions and flower fairs: orchid exhibitions are excellent venues for purchasing rare and exotic plants, including spider orchids. These events frequently showcase collectible varieties not found in regular stores.

Spider orchid: symbolism and meaning

Orchids in general symbolize beauty, elegance, and luxury, and the spider orchid is no exception. These plants are often associated with mystery and intrigue due to the unusual shape of their flowers, which resemble a spider. The black spider orchid, in particular, is often linked with mysticism and hidden strength, making it ideal for those seeking symbols of inner power and beauty.

Conclusion

The spider orchid is not only a beautiful but also an enigmatic plant that draws attention with its unique appearance. Caring for a spider orchid doesn’t require much effort if you follow basic guidelines for light, temperature, watering, and humidity. If you want to add this exotic beauty to your home or garden, make sure to find a reliable seller who can provide healthy plants.